Absolute Traffic Trend
Absolute traffic trend shows the monthly total traffic of 74,752 sites that joined Ahrefs Web Analytics by June 2025, tracking the same fixed cohort each month to show overall traffic changes over time.
All Traffic Sources Comparison
Comprehensive comparison of all traffic sources showing traffic share and growth trends
Latest month's absolute traffic volumes and month-over-month percentage point changes for all tracked sources.
Traffic Channels
Traditional Search Engines
Google
Bing
Yahoo!
Yandex
DuckDuckGo
AI Assistants
ChatGPT
Meta AI
Gemini
Claude
Perplexity
Traffic Share by Category
Aggregated view of traffic sources grouped into major categories: Traditional Search, AI Search, and channel types
Traffic distribution across major categories over time.
These six categories overlap and do not add up to 100%: Search and AI Search are based on the referring source, while Unknown, Paid, Direct and Social are channel types. For Aug 2026 they total 103.2%. Search covers Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo!, Yandex, Naver, Baidu, Brave, Ecosia, AOL, Coccoc.
Aug 2026: Unknown traffic nearly tripled this month (58.5M → 161.1M visitors) while total traffic grew 6.1%. Most of that rise is newly-arriving unattributed traffic rather than a shift between channels, so the month-on-month share changes for Search, Direct and Paid mostly reflect the larger total rather than those channels shrinking.
Traffic Mix by Site Volume
Sites bucketed by total monthly visitors. For each band we average the per-site channel mix (Organic / Direct / Paid / AI / Other) so each bar still sums to 100%.
How the channel mix shifts as sites grow from a few hundred to millions of monthly visitors. Single month (Aug 2026), not a trend. AI share is printed above each bar, since at under 1% it is too thin to read off the axis.
Site count per band
Traffic Share by Source
All traffic sources displayed on the same percentage scale for direct comparison
Traffic share percentages on the same scale
Month-over-Month Growth Comparison
% change in visitors sent by each source: (This month − Last month) / Last month. Indicates how fast traffic is growing or declining.
% change in visitors sent by each source: (This month − Last month) / Last month. Indicates how fast traffic is growing or declining.
Google
Bing
DuckDuckGo
Yahoo!
Yandex
Naver
Baidu
Brave
Ecosia
AOL
Cốc Cốc
ChatGPT
Claude
Perplexity
Gemini
Meta AI
Google
Bing
DuckDuckGo
Yahoo!
Yandex
Naver
Baidu
Brave
Ecosia
AOL
Cốc Cốc
ChatGPT
Claude
Perplexity
Gemini
Meta AI
Google
Bing
DuckDuckGo
Yahoo!
Yandex
Naver
Baidu
Brave
Ecosia
AOL
Cốc Cốc
ChatGPT
Claude
Perplexity
Gemini
Meta AI
Google
Bing
DuckDuckGo
Yahoo!
Yandex
Naver
Baidu
Brave
Ecosia
AOL
Cốc Cốc
ChatGPT
Claude
Perplexity
Gemini
Meta AI
Google
Bing
DuckDuckGo
Yahoo!
Yandex
Naver
Baidu
Brave
Ecosia
AOL
Cốc Cốc
ChatGPT
Claude
Perplexity
Gemini
Meta AI
| Period |
Google
Goo
|
ChatGPT
Cha
|
Bing
Bin
|
DuckDuckGo
Duc
|
Claude
Cla
|
Perplexity
Per
|
Gemini
Gem
|
Yahoo
Yah
|
Yandex
Yan
|
Naver
Nav
|
Baidu
Bai
|
Brave
Bra
|
Ecosia
Eco
|
AOL
AOL
|
Cốc Cốc
Cốc
|
Meta AI
Met
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jul 2026 → Aug 2026 | 7.2% | 33.2% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 11.1% | 23.3% | 7.4% | 5.9% | 10.6% | 103.2% | 57.9% | 5.1% | 0.9% | 86.4% | 9.5% | 23.9% |
| Jun 2026 → Jul 2026 | 1.1% | 9.0% | 1.0% | 7.8% | 25.0% | 21.5% | 14.5% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 16.8% | 12.4% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 64.1% | 7.8% | 1.6% |
| May 2026 → Jun 2026 | 4.0% | 12.7% | 1.8% | 2.1% | — | 31.4% | 9.9% | 5.9% | 6.4% | 4.4% | 5.6% | 0.1% | 1.3% | 32.9% | 12.9% | 32.7% |
| Apr 2026 → May 2026 | 5.7% | 59.4% | 5.0% | 4.2% | 0.9% | 18.0% | 20.7% | 2.3% | 7.4% | 13.9% | 6.1% | 11.6% | 2.2% | 28.4% | 1.2% | 0.5% |
| Mar 2026 → Apr 2026 | 9.3% | 12.0% | 7.8% | 8.4% | 4.2% | 11.0% | 0.1% | 8.9% | 2.4% | 7.6% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 10.8% | 22.8% | 9.9% | 28.5% |
| Feb 2026 → Mar 2026 | 7.7% | 0.4% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 154.8% | 1.2% | 21.9% | 4.9% | 7.4% | 28.9% | 17.7% | 10.7% | 5.7% | 90.2% | 31.6% | 14.5% |
| Jan 2026 → Feb 2026 | 10.3% | 14.3% | 9.1% | 25.1% | 43.0% | 16.4% | 1.7% | 11.6% | 9.3% | 12.6% | 24.7% | 13.0% | 5.0% | 14.4% | 15.0% | 27.4% |
| Dec 2025 → Jan 2026 | 0.8% | 9.8% | 6.1% | 7.0% | 21.0% | 13.4% | 53.9% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 7.7% | 1.2% | 13.3% | 15.7% | 4.8% | 24.7% |
| Nov 2025 → Dec 2025 | 3.1% | 11.1% | 3.0% | 14.7% | 17.3% | 18.1% | 32.3% | 1.9% | 12.1% | 11.3% | 5.7% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 33.5% | 2.7% | 0.3% |
| Oct 2025 → Nov 2025 | 5.8% | 0.1% | 7.3% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 4.8% | 0.2% | 5.7% | 15.2% | 0.9% | 3.8% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 14.6% | 8.9% | 2.2% |
| Sep 2025 → Oct 2025 | 2.3% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 4.6% | 2.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 8.0% | 4.0% | 6.2% | 8.7% | 4.9% | 35.1% | 5.5% | 11.8% |
| Aug 2025 → Sep 2025 | 3.8% | 12.1% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 8.5% | 25.2% | 35.5% | — | 2.4% | 12.0% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 2.8% | 14.2% | 14.9% | 1.3% |
| Jul 2025 → Aug 2025 | 4.6% | 5.7% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 10.1% | 8.1% | 13.1% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 16.0% | 9.5% | 14.9% |
| Jun 2025 → Jul 2025 | 1.5% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 6.3% | 5.6% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 8.9% | 3.4% | 7.8% | 4.3% | 14.3% | 15.6% | 21.9% |
| May 2025 → Jun 2025 | 6.8% | 1.6% | 4.2% | 4.6% | 108.7% | 8.9% | 2.6% | 5.3% | 23.2% | 8.1% | 19.3% | 8.8% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 16.3% | 21.8% |
| Average | 3.0% | 4.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 17.9% | 8.9% | 8.0% | 1.2% | 3.5% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 7.3% | 2.2% | 0.6% |
Traffic share within different regions
Shows how web traffic is distributed across different continents and regions
Africa
Google
22.22%
Bing
1.01%
ChatGPT
0.49%
Yahoo!
0.07%
DuckDuckGo
0.05%
Yandex
0.04%
Meta AI
0.04%
Gemini
0.02%
Brave
0.01%
Ecosia
0.01%
Claude
0.01%
Perplexity
0.01%
Asia
Google
30.57%
Yahoo!
1.75%
Bing
1.05%
Naver
0.57%
Yandex
0.36%
ChatGPT
0.30%
Cốc Cốc
0.21%
DuckDuckGo
0.11%
Baidu
0.11%
Meta AI
0.08%
Brave
0.02%
Gemini
0.02%
Ecosia
0.01%
Claude
0.01%
Perplexity
0.01%
Europe
Google
41.31%
Bing
1.41%
Yandex
1.33%
ChatGPT
0.43%
DuckDuckGo
0.25%
Yahoo!
0.19%
Ecosia
0.15%
Meta AI
0.11%
Brave
0.03%
Claude
0.01%
Perplexity
0.01%
Gemini
0.01%
North America
Google
26.38%
Bing
2.00%
Yahoo!
0.64%
DuckDuckGo
0.50%
ChatGPT
0.27%
Meta AI
0.17%
Yandex
0.05%
Ecosia
0.05%
Naver
0.01%
Brave
0.01%
Gemini
0.01%
South America
Google
21.66%
Bing
0.63%
Meta AI
0.33%
ChatGPT
0.21%
Yahoo!
0.12%
DuckDuckGo
0.02%
Yandex
0.02%
Ecosia
0.01%
Gemini
0.01%
Oceania
Google
38.20%
Bing
2.04%
ChatGPT
0.45%
Yahoo!
0.33%
DuckDuckGo
0.28%
Meta AI
0.22%
Ecosia
0.06%
Yandex
0.03%
Naver
0.01%
Brave
0.01%
Claude
0.01%
Perplexity
0.01%
Gemini
0.01%
Traffic Share by Region
Stacked bar chart showing the distribution of each traffic source across geographic regions
Month-over-Month Regional Growth Trends
Displays month-over-month growth rates for each traffic source by geographic region
Traffic Share Across Different Industries
Breakdown of traffic sources across different industry sectors and verticals
Google
30.0%
Naver
1.4%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
15.3%
Bing
0.8%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yandex
0.1%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
Google
23.1%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.4%
DuckDuckGo
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
6.9%
Yahoo!
0.6%
Bing
0.6%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Google
11.7%
Bing
0.4%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Google
10.3%
ChatGPT
0.7%
Meta AI
0.4%
Bing
0.2%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Google
14.5%
Bing
1.7%
Yahoo!
1.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Google
15.8%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Baidu
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Google
9.7%
Meta AI
0.3%
Bing
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.2%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Google
32.8%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Google
13.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.3%
Bing
0.3%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
12.1%
Bing
0.8%
ChatGPT
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.2%
Yandex
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Naver
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Google
13.8%
Bing
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Google
10.1%
Yahoo!
0.8%
Bing
0.6%
ChatGPT
0.3%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Google
13.6%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
Google
7.2%
Yandex
2.0%
Bing
0.8%
Yahoo!
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Brave
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Google
8.7%
Yahoo!
0.7%
Bing
0.4%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Google
5.2%
Yahoo!
0.2%
Bing
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
8.1%
Bing
0.9%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Google
6.3%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Google
4.0%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
7.0%
Bing
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yahoo!
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Google
11.5%
Bing
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Google
3.8%
Yahoo!
1.4%
Bing
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Google
3.7%
Yandex
0.1%
Bing
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
News
Google
30.0%
Naver
1.4%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Computers And Electronics
Google
15.3%
Bing
0.8%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yandex
0.1%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
People And Society
Google
23.1%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.4%
DuckDuckGo
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
Ecosia
0.0%
Finance
Google
6.9%
Yahoo!
0.6%
Bing
0.6%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Home And Garden
Google
11.7%
Bing
0.4%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Beauty And Fitness
Google
10.3%
ChatGPT
0.7%
Meta AI
0.4%
Bing
0.2%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Law And Government
Google
14.5%
Bing
1.7%
Yahoo!
1.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Pets And Animals
Google
15.8%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Baidu
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Travel And Transportation
Google
9.7%
Meta AI
0.3%
Bing
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.2%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Food And Drink
Google
32.8%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Sports
Google
13.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.3%
Bing
0.3%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Jobs And Education
Google
12.1%
Bing
0.8%
ChatGPT
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.2%
Yandex
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Naver
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Autos And Vehicles
Google
13.8%
Bing
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Real Estate
Google
10.1%
Yahoo!
0.8%
Bing
0.6%
ChatGPT
0.3%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Arts And Entertainment
Google
13.6%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Meta AI
0.0%
Internet And Telecom
Google
7.2%
Yandex
2.0%
Bing
0.8%
Yahoo!
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
Brave
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Health
Google
8.7%
Yahoo!
0.7%
Bing
0.4%
DuckDuckGo
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Shopping
Google
5.2%
Yahoo!
0.2%
Bing
0.1%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Hobbies And Leisure
Google
8.1%
Bing
0.9%
Yahoo!
0.2%
DuckDuckGo
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.1%
Ecosia
0.1%
Yandex
0.0%
Naver
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Business And Industrial
Google
6.3%
Bing
0.6%
Yahoo!
0.3%
ChatGPT
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Gemini
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Claude
0.0%
Perplexity
0.0%
Games
Google
4.0%
Bing
0.3%
Yahoo!
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Baidu
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Online Communities
Google
7.0%
Bing
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Yahoo!
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Adult
Google
11.5%
Bing
0.1%
Yahoo!
0.1%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Yandex
0.0%
Brave
0.0%
Ecosia
0.0%
Cốc Cốc
0.0%
Science
Google
3.8%
Yahoo!
1.4%
Bing
0.2%
ChatGPT
0.0%
DuckDuckGo
0.0%
Books And Literature
Google
3.7%
Yandex
0.1%
Bing
0.0%
ChatGPT
0.0%
Reference
Key Insights from the Data
Important observations and trends extracted from the traffic data analysis
Google posts a meaningful decline, dragging overall search referrals
Google shed -7.2% of its visitor volume month-over-month, landing at a 24.16% share of tracked referral traffic. As the dominant source in the dataset by a wide margin, that contraction sets the tone for the entire month — no other material source came close to offsetting it.
ChatGPT is the clear standout, up 33.2%
ChatGPT grew referral visitors by 33.2% and now accounts for 0.32% of tracked traffic — equivalent to the entire AI category's combined share. While the absolute share remains modest, the growth rate signals accelerating adoption as a discovery pathway and warrants structured content investment.
AI assistants as a group hold 0.32% of tracked referral traffic
The AI category's aggregate share sits at 0.32%, with ChatGPT carrying virtually all of it. Claude fell -11.1% and Perplexity dropped -23.3%, though both hold shares below 0.05% individually, making those swings statistically noisy rather than strategically alarming.
Yahoo gains ground while Bing and DuckDuckGo hold steady
Yahoo climbed +5.9% to a 0.76% share, the strongest month-over-month move among material sources. Bing edged up +0.8% to 1.11% share and DuckDuckGo added +1.7%, though its 0.23% share keeps it below the materiality threshold. Together these alternative engines show that non-Google search traffic is not uniformly declining.
Broad pullback defines August despite a handful of growers
Nine of fifteen tracked sources grew month-over-month, but the sources that fell — led by Google at 24.16% share — represent the overwhelming majority of referral volume. The net picture for August is a traffic contraction, not a rotation.
Regional engines Naver and Yandex surge, but remain immaterial at scale
Naver posted +103.2% growth and Yandex +10.6%, but their shares of 0.19% and 0.43% respectively mean these moves are unlikely to register meaningfully in aggregate dashboards for most Western-focused publishers. Teams with audience exposure in South Korea or Russia should monitor these signals more closely.
Strategic Marketing Implications:
August 2026 is defined by a -7.2% Google pullback that no other source is yet large enough to replace, making traffic diversification an operational priority rather than a theoretical one.
- • Audit Google dependency now: With Google down -7.2% and holding 24.16% share, even a modest continued decline will create a measurable gap in referral volume. Map which content categories are most exposed to Google traffic and identify alternative acquisition channels before the next monthly report.
- • Prioritize ChatGPT-optimized content: ChatGPT's +33.2% growth makes it the fastest-growing material referral source this month. Ensure key pages are structured with clear headings, factual citations, and crawlable formats — the content attributes AI assistants favor when surfacing recommendations to users.
- • Treat Yahoo as a viable secondary channel: Yahoo's +5.9% gain and 0.76% share make it the most improved material search engine in August. It is often under-optimized relative to its actual referral contribution; confirm that structured data and feed-based signals are in place for Yahoo's index.
- • Hold the line on multi-engine coverage: Bing at 1.11% share and growing +0.8% remains the second-largest search referrer in the dataset. Maintaining Bing Webmaster Tools hygiene and ensuring parity with Google-side technical SEO protects a channel that is gaining relative importance as Google's share contracts.